What is primary succession?

Primary succession refers to the process of ecological development that occurs in an area where no soil currently exists, such as after a volcanic eruption, glacial retreat, or on bare rock. In this context, the process begins with the colonization of pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses, which can establish themselves in such harsh, soil-less environments. These organisms help to break down the rock and contribute organic material as they die, gradually forming soil. Over time, this soil allows for a more diverse range of plant species to thrive, leading to a more complex ecosystem.

The clear distinction of primary succession lies in its starting point—there’s no pre-existing soil. This contrasts with secondary succession, which occurs in areas where a disturbance has occurred but soil remains intact. The essence of primary succession is the gradual building of an ecosystem from the bare minimum, ultimately leading to a mature and complex community.