What is cell differentiation?

Cell differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells develop into distinct cell types with specific functions. This is a fundamental concept in biology, particularly in the context of development, where a single fertilized egg divides and differentiates to form the various types of cells that make up an organism’s tissues and organs. Differentiation involves genetic regulation where certain genes are activated or repressed, leading to the specialization of cells.

Cells can take on various roles, such as muscle cells that aid in movement, neurons that transmit signals, or epithelial cells that form protective barriers. The ability of stem cells to differentiate into multiple cell types is especially important in developmental biology and regenerative medicine, illustrating how one type of cell can evolve into complex structures with unique purposes.

This process does not include the formation of tissues from organs, exchanging genetic material, or the simple division of cells, all of which are different biological phenomena. Rather, the heart of differentiation lies in the specialization of cells, making the chosen answer the most accurate representation of this crucial biological concept.